Assignment 3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

3 - Assignment Example The guide gives ingenious subtleties on the way in which flames relating from fear based oppressor assaults could be dealt with in the most proper manners that would limit the effect of the harm on everybody. The worth and significance of the guide depends on the way that it was created following the exercises gained from the difficulties and mishaps that went with the messed up endeavors by firemen to contain the flames that came about because of the September 11 dread assaults on the World Trade Center (Westermann). For example, a portion of the issues that are secured under the fire incorporate the appraisal of the local groups of fire-fighters capacities, bolster expected to forestall the event assaults, readiness of the local group of fire-fighters to build the productivity in reacting to psychological militant assaults (Westermann). Another significant element of the guide is the techniques and methodologies of reacting to fear based oppressor assaults. In that capacity, it gets imperative to consider the way that a portion of the issues that associate with the control and the executives of flames are reliant on the agent’s capacities to apply the fitting techniques and metho dologies to control fear monger assaults. It may be important to consider the way that a portion of the issues that take care of the reaction to debacles are dictated by the accessibility of assets and the limit of the associations to create proficient reaction frameworks that are important to contain fire mishaps while ensuring the lives of the firemen. The data on security depends on the truth of the threats that are related with fear assaults and the restricted assets for drawing in the difficulties. . Fundamentally, the local groups of fire-fighters are organized in manners that give them the methods and strategies for battling fires that happen in mechanical territories and different zones that are commonly accepted to be powerless to flames.

Influential Renaissance Architecture Essay -- Architecture

As one digs into the historical backdrop of present day engineering one rapidly understands the impact that Renaissance modelers, for example, Donato Bramante, Raphael, and Michelangelo had on current design. Essentially check out a city at the business locale and one will see odds and ends of the Renaissance design. The Renaissance engineering has had an effect on design all through the ages. St. Peter’s Basilica Donato Bramante was conceived in 1444 close Urbino. At an early age Bramante was presented to the universe of workmanship and engineering. Bramante’s early introduction to the universe of workmanship affected his future engineering work, for example, his work on Saint Peter’s Basilica. Bramante began to picked up acknowledgment while he was taking a shot at â€Å"Tempietto† that was developed on the site that is accepted to be where St. Subside was hung (Benton and Di Yanni, 2005). The work on Tempietto was charged by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain; along these lines, carrying distinction to Bramante’s work. It was this kind of acknowledgment that prompted Bramante being dispatched to plan and modify St Peter’s Basilica. Pope Julius II concluded that the old basilica should be torn down in light of the fact that the old basilica had been worked in the mid fourth century during the period of Constantine; consequently, the Pope chose another basilica was required. He designated Bramante as the engineering to fabricate another Basilica befitting the papacy’s picture (Benton and Di Yanni, 2005). Bramante concluded that the new basilica would be a grand rendition of the Tempietto that he had worked in 1502. The structure would be â€Å"a greatly proportioned, midway arranged church to be topped by a monstrous dome† (Fiero, 2008, p. 196). He didn't follow the â€Å"classical longitudi... ...ivan-engineer/louis- henry-sullivan-architect.php Benton, R. J. and DiYanni, R. (2005). Expressions and societies; a prologue to the Humanities. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall Timid, J. (2010). The Wainwright building. Recovered on May 12, 2010 from, http://architecture.about.com/od/high rises/ig/Skyscrapers/Wainwright-Building-htm Fiero, G.K. (2008). Tourist spots in humanities (second ed). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. History-World.org. (obscure). Engineering. Recovered on may 10, 2010 from, http://history-world.org/greek%20architecture.htm Planetware.com. (2010). St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City. Recovered on May 14, 2010 from, http://www.planetware.com/vatican-city/st-diminishes basilica-scv-scv-rspv.htm Vaticanstate.va. (2010). St. Peter’s Basilica. Recovered on May 20, 2010 from, http://vaticanstat.va/EN/Monuments/Saint_Peter_Basilica/

Authentic Leadership Guide Definitions, Qualities, Pros Cons, Examples

Authentic Leadership Guide Definitions, Qualities, Pros Cons, Examples “Authentic leadership is leading adaptively from your core, choosing who you’re most inspired to be to serve the greatest good in this moment.” â€" Henna InamThe modern corporate world is not without its examples of wrongdoing and creed-based behavior. Not all leaders are good and acknowledgement of this can often be the first step towards better leadership. In order to lead better, leaders and academics have turned to the idea of authentic leadership. A leadership model, which believes that genuine leadership that basis its decisions on values can guide people towards the greater good. © Shutterstock | racornThis guide will examine authentic leadership: the past and the present context. We’ll explore the core elements of the model and the characteristics that define authentic leaders. We’ll explain the benefits and the shortcomings of the theory, before providing you examples of leaders who’ve showcased authentic leadership.UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENT CONTEXTS OF AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIPAuthentic leadership is a rather new theory, yet the core ideas of the leadership model can be traced back to Ancient Greece. In this section, we’ll explore the historical ideas behind the theory, before examining the modern theoretical approach to the leadership style and the implications of it being a young theory.The historical contextAuthentic leadership is another concept with roots in Ancient Greek philosophy. Ancient Greek philosophers concurred authenticity to be an important state of being, as it emphasized being in control of your own destiny and who you truly are as a person. The word authentic comes from the Greek word, authentikos, which means principal or genuine. Authentic persons were true themselves and their surroundings.Furthermore, authenticity was closely linked to the Ancient Greek model of cardinal virtues. To the Greeks, there were four key virtues to follow: prudence,  temperance, justice and fortitude. The virtues called the person to:Consider all the possible courses of action and acting in a fair-minded manner (prudence)Stay emotionally balanced and in control at all times (temperance)Deal with other people in a fair manner (justice)Have enough courage to do the right thing (fortitude)By developing these virtues, people were thought to improve their inner self and the relationships they had with other people. An authentic leader, therefore, needed the four virtues in order to lead in a just and good manner. To the Ancient Greeks, authentic leadership was moral and selfless to a degree.Ancient Greek philosophers weren’t the la st to explore the concept of authenticity. Throughout the human history, philosophers, musicians and artists have explored this concept. In the Western world, some of the most famous minds have talked about authenticity and authentic behavior. Descartes suggested authenticity is the following of your inner voice, which calls for responsible behavior. Identity was the thing that shaped Descartes’ individual morality and this identity came from external sources and social status. Authentic behavior was therefore often a natural existence, which was available for us all.Yet, authentic leadership wasn’t part of the conversation of leadership theories until much later. In the 1960s, authentic leadership entered the discussion and its inclusion was mostly driven by the need to reflect on certain negative elements the rising corporate culture had brought about.In the early stages of the theorizing, authenticity became attached as a reflection of organizations as well as individuals. An organization could start highlighting its authenticity by acting in a responsible manner, reacting to uncertainty and being creative. Authentic behavior moved away from the idea it’s only the individual leaders, who define authenticity within an organization.The modern contextAlthough the conversation around authenticity within the corporate culture began in the 1960s, it took a while before the concept was fully explored as a leadership model. Warren Bennis’ On Becoming a Leader explored certain elements of the authentic leadership model in 1989. The book has been re-printed several times since and in his latest introduction to the newest version in 2009, Bennis wrote, “Authentic leaders embrace those who speak valuable truths, however hard they are to hear”. He saw the problems of organizations often stemming from doing the opposite of that â€" hiding the truth, in order to avoid having to deal with problems. To Bennis, leaders were made and not born, suggesting that auth entic leadership is at the grasp of everyone.While Bennis’ original book did touch on the ideas of modern authentic leadership theory, the father of the idea is often considered Bill George, Harvard professor and CEO of Medtronic. George published a book called Authentic Leadership in 2003 and later refined his ideas further in True North. George’s inspiration for writing the book had been the increasing negative corporate examples, such as Enron and Tyco. He wanted to restore people’s faith in corporations and show young leaders another way to lead. Peter Northouse’s 2007 book Leadership: Theory and Practice wrote about the scandals and their influence on leadership theories. According to Northouse,“People feel apprehensive and insecure about what is going on around them, and as a result, they long for bona fide leadership they can trust and for leaders who are honest and good”.In Authentic Leadership, George described authentic leaders as:“People of the highest integ rity, committed to building organizations…who have a deep sense of purpose and are true to their core values who have the courage to build their companies to meet the needs of all their stakeholders, and who recognize the importance of their service to society.”A year after Authentic Leadership was published, the conversation got busier and the Gallup Leadership Institute of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln held its inaugural summit on Authentic Leadership Development. In 2007, George’s True North went further to explain who’s an authentic leader and what leaders can do to be more authentic, creating a concept that could be further refined, but also tested.The book restated the idea that leadership is not something you are born with, but that authentic leadership, especially, requires constant development and growth. George developed an idea of leadership as a journey, with three distinct phases:Phase 1: In the first part of your journey, you prepare yourself for the leade rship.Phase 2: In the second phase, you start leading by taking on new challenges until you reach the ‘peak’ of leadership.Phase 3: In the final part of the leadership journey, you start seeking opportunities to spread your leadership wisdom to others and give back to the community, even though the learning process continues.You can see what the journey looks like in the below chart: Source: Bill George’s websiteA theory in its infancyAuthentic leadership is in its infancy, which means the concept still lacks certain universal answers or theories to specific questions. As we will explore in the section about the advantages and disadvantages of the theory, the lack of proper theory or model is sometimes criticized as the biggest flaw of the idea.But the core ideas of authentic leadership have evolved and academics are continuously researching the theory and its validity further. The emphasis of the theory is on the leader’s legitimacy and how this can be strengthened through an honest relationship with subordinates. The theory values opinions and the theory has a strong ethical foundation, just as the concept of authenticity has had throughout history.Before we start examining the core elements of authentic relationship, it’s auspicious to point out the current three theoretical foundations. Authentic leadership can be viewed through three different ideas:In trapersonal definition â€" In this model, the leader and the leader’s characteristics are about nurturing the inner qualities of yourself.Developmental definition â€" The model, which is the most prevalent, notes that the leader might not have set inner traits, but that these characteristics are developed and trained.Interpersonal definition â€" In the third model, the authentic style is not dependent on the leader’s actions, but also the group’s response.Interestingly, authentic leadership is not always seen inconclusive of other leadership theories. Bruce J. Avolio and Fred Luthans explored the idea of authentic leadership as the root construct of other leadership theories in The High Impact Leader. According to Avolio and Luthans, authentic leadership can manifest as directive, participative or even transformational leadership.THE CORE ELEMENTS OF AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIPLet’s turn our attention to the core elements of the leadership style. First, we’ll briefly explore the concept of authenticity, before outlining the four core components of authentic leadership. Later in this section, we’ll also explain some of the different ways authenticity can be measured.What is authenticity?To understand authentic leadership, you must naturally define authenticity. The word authentic can be rather difficult, as it has become a fad. Self-proclamations of authenticity tend to take place in the world of politics, entertainment and business. In her New York Times article, Stephanie Rosenbloom gave examples of celebrities claiming their authenticity. For instance, Duchess of York, Sarah Ferguson, had told another newspaper, “If you fear what people think about you, then you are not being authentic”.But authentic leadership isn’t about self-proclamation, but rather showing authenticity through one’s actions and behaviors. Instead of stating “I’m always true to myself”, authentic leadership questions at every step what behavior they are presenting â€" n ot by trying to be authentic, but being self-aware. In order for you to become an authentic leader, you need to first achieve clarity about your inner self and then start showcasing the actual self through your actions. Furthermore, as you’ll see later in this section, self-assessment of your authenticity isn’t often at the core of authentic leadership, but instead subordinates get to voice how they perceive the leader’s authenticity levels.There are essentially three cornerstones of authenticity in terms of authentic leadership. These are:Being true to yourself and your values.Being open with other people.Doing the right thing, in operational and moral terms, not in terms of what is good for you as a leader.The important point to remember about authenticity and authentic leadership is how it’s not a free pass to behave however you want or even make the leadership about you. Brooke Vuckovic, adjunct lecturer of leadership coaching at the Kellogg School, said in an interview, “Authenticity is not a license to be excessively focused on the self. It’s about being aligned with your character and values in order to lead effectively.”The four componentsThere are four core components of authentic leadership: self-awareness, internalized moral perspective, balanced processing and relational transparency. F.O. Walumba et al discussed these four elements in their research paper Authentic Leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure in 2008.Their paper was based on limited empirical data, which suggested authentic leadership relies on the four elements and these components are ultimately the aspects, which strengthen this model for operational use.Component #1: Self-awarenessSelf-awareness relates closely to the Ancient Greek’s idea of “knowing thyself”. It’s about understanding your own inner and outer qualities and how these relate to your being a leader. Furthermore, the component is crucial if you want to develop the other th ree areas of authentic leadership.Self-awareness in authentic leadership can be manifested in a number of ways such as:Knowing your strengths and weaknessesUnderstanding the self is a multi-layered conceptLearning about your impact on other people and vice versaDeveloping a continuous self-exposure and development processAuthentic leadership is not about creating a façade, but it asks for the leader, as well as the follower, to be genuine. In an authentic leadership environment, mistakes are not hidden or shrugged away. Weaknesses are life lessons to be learned and the self-actualization is a constant struggle, which will manifest in mistakes and successes.Bruce J. Avolio and Tara S. Wernsing highlighted in the 2008 essay Practicing Authentic Leadership three ways authentic leaders practice self-awareness:Actively seeking feedback from the environmentUsing self-reflection as a way to understand their behaviorEngaging in self-observation to stay aware of feelings at all times[slides hare id=17471993doc=emotionalentrepreneurmarch2013-130321175048-phpapp01w=640h=330]Component #2: Internalized moral perspectiveThe second core component of authentic leadership relates to doing the right thing. As mentioned earlier, authentic leadership is closely related to ethics and especially the concern of fairness. The theory has always had a strong psychological and moral component.Furthermore, the moral perspective on leadership and the different behaviors it brings about is not based on external factors. The moral perspective is not something the authentic leader finds imposed upon him or her by the organization or even society. Instead, the self-regulatory behavior is self-imposed and comes from the leaders internalized moral values.Component #3: Balanced processingThe authentic leadership doesn’t just seek to make morally correct decisions, but to be fair-minded during the process. The leadership is based on openness and fairness; on an environment where opinions are no t just welcomed but also encouraged. The idea is to ensure opposing viewpoints will be voiced before the leader, sometimes together with subordinates, considers the actions.According to Kevin Kruse, self-claimed serial entrepreneur, the ability to listen and consider different viewpoints does not make authentic leadership “soft”. In his Forbes article, Kruse said authentic leaders “are able to put the mission and the goals of the organization ahead of their own self-interest”. Therefore, authentic leadership focuses on the collective objectives and understands common knowledge and diversity in opinion can help achieve these more clearly.The key to balanced processing is the understanding of bias. To authentic leaders, people’s opinions are based on biased processing of information. This doesn’t mean anything negative per se, but just reinforces the leaders need to understand two things. First, that his or her own ideas are responses to certain triggers, and second, that seeking multiple opinions can provide better understanding of an issue in question. Competing perspectives can yield better results than focusing on cohesion of opinions.Component #4: Relational transparencyFinally, authentic leadership rests on the concept of genuineness. When authentic leaders communicate and act, they do it honestly. There is no room for hidden agendas or mind-games in authentic leadership. It seeks to create an environment where everyone knows where he or she stands in terms of his or her relations with the leader.Transparency won’t mean the leader should necessarily let his or her emotions take control. As a leader, you can’t always say the first things that come to your mind. Nonetheless, you need to share your thought processes with your subordinates and the decisions that are made, must not be shrouded in mystery.But what is enough transparency? According to Avolio and Luthans,“The more certain you are about your values and beliefs, the more clear you will become about how transparent to act with others. Being transparent may cause feelings of vulnerability at times but should not make you so vulnerable as to invoke anxiety or invite exploitation from others.”Different ways to measure authenticitySince authentic leadership is closely tied to behaviors and positive psychology, it’s drawn attention for qualitative research and measurement. Academics and proponents of the theory have sought to measure the levels of authenticity leaders highlight. Four distinct measurements and scales have appeared out of these experiments.Way 1: Leader Authenticity Scale (LAS)The first attempt at measuring authenticity came in the form of the Leader Authenticity Scale (LAS). The 32-item questionnaire measures tendencies such as:Genuine behavior in the face of job titlesAcknowledgement of accountability when mistakes are madeAbility to avoid manipulation of subordinatesThe scale has mainly been used in educational environment, measuring how schoo ls are organized. The scale’s validity has later been criticized for generalization.Way 2: Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ)The Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) surveys the subordinates in order to find the authenticity levels of the leader. The measure is specifically designed with the authentic leadership theory in mind and therefore it focuses on the major four core elements of the theory: self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective and balanced processing.In terms of academic research of the theory, ALQ is the most commonly used and preferred scale. The survey can be bought and used either as a self-assessment tool or for measuring multiple leaders or supervisors at once. You can find it online at Mind Garden, for example.Way 3: Authentic Leadership Inventory (ALI)A relatively recent scale, the Authentic Leadership Inventory, came out in 2011. Like ALQ, ALI surveys subordinates in order to measure the authentic leadership behaviours o f the leader. The measure builds on the research done with ALQ and the findings it has made in terms of authenticity.Nonetheless, research has shown problems with the technique and the reliability of the results. As the measurement is free for everyone, the scale has received plenty of attention, despite this criticism.Way 4: Authenticity Inventory (AI:3)The final way to measure is not entirely a leadership measure, but more of a survey to test individual authenticity. It can therefore be a helpful addition to testing your authenticity levels.Different to the above measures, the AI:3 tends to also emphasize the link between well-being and authenticity. It pays more attention to the philosophical aspect of authenticity and self-awareness, rather than just measuring your approach to tasks and leadership.THE QUALITIES OF AN AUTHENTIC LEADERThe above section highlighted the core components of authentic leadership and explained the different ways authenticity can be measured. But what ma kes a leader authentic? What are the qualities you should aim to strengthen if you want to be more authentic?In this section, we’ll explore the core characteristics of authentic leader and the principles that should guide your leadership as an authentic leader.The core characteristicsAuthenticity manifests in different ways, but there are a few essential characteristics and qualities authentic leaders should focus on. While the following five characteristics are often essential for authentic leadership, the key to being a leader with authenticity is proper understanding of yourself. You must also recognize that personal development, just like authentic leadership, is an on-going journey.Self-awareAs mentioned above, self-awareness is the ultimate key to authentic leadership. If you want to become an authentic leader then you must know your personal traits and values inside out. You can’t be true to yourself if you don’t know who you are.Self-awareness sounds easier than it is. Studies have highlighted how the human mind is capable of self-deception. Denial and narcissistic qualities are not just odd phenomena; they occur in most of us. But for authentic leader, the objective is to limit the behavior and to be aware of the moments when you might be ‘cheating yourself’.Self-awareness can be enhanced by understanding your strengths and weaknesses and by studying your behavioral patterns. In most cases, this means looking at your individual circumstances and the past events that might have led to you to develop certain negative or positive patterns of behavior. As George stated in his blog post, “people are not born as jerks”.Authentic leaders are able to understand the negative behaviors and reframe the experiences into a positive format. For instance, being defensive doesn’t have to be a negative characteristic, but you can turn it into a positive by understanding why you are defensive, noticing the situations that make you defensive, and examini ng the impact of your defensiveness.Brenda Booth, a clinical professor of management at the Kellogg School, put it well, when she said,“[authentic leadership] is about being comfortable in your own skin so you can lead the organization in a way where you do not feel ethically compromised or like a charlatan”.GenuineSelf-awareness also requires a level of honesty from the leader. As a leader, you shouldn’t be trying to change your behavior or hiding your true self. People can pick up quite quickly when someone is being honest and when they are not. As a leader, you must ensure your subordinates trust you and if you aren’t genuine, then building this trust might be harder. In True North, George points out an important distinction between being genuine and being perfect. Authentic leadership isn’t about perfection or “letting the expectations of other people guide them”, but the genuine approach to trusting one’s inner capabilities and vision in guiding the group. A gen uine leader will acknowledge mistakes and shortcomings. But it is precisely this connection, which helps them empower others.Result-oriented and task-drivenAuthentic leaders are result-oriented and task-driven. They understand the objectives of organizations, but they don’t push towards profitability and productivity by any means necessary. They understand the importance of teamwork in order to achieve those objectives.The authentic leader understands that flexibility can get things done faster, because different tasks and different people require different things. In order to achieve certain tasks, a leader might use a mentoring approach, while at other times a more directing approach is needed. Therefore, authentic leaders need to implement a level of situational leadership.Result-orientation requires a great deal of knowledge. An authentic leader must therefore also be well aware of the operational goals and things such as industry trends. You must be willing to learn and liste n to different opinions regarding the objectives in order to pick up the best ways forward.Furthermore, Bennis wrote in the introduction of the revised edition of his On Becoming a Leader that today’s leaders must have ‘adaptive capacity’. To Bennis, this means the ability to make decisions and later measure the effectiveness, instead of waiting to analyze the situation before acting. For this to yield the best results, an authentic leader must be on top of tasks and the desired outcomes continuously.FocusedAuthentic leaders must be focused. As George’s three-step pathway to leadership highlights, authentic leadership takes years of experience and personal growth. You therefore must be able to see the end-goal and outline this vision for your subordinates. According to George, “Without a real sense of purpose, leaders are at the mercy of their egos and narcissistic vulnerabilities”.Staying focused on the face of different challenges can be difficult. But the more self-aw are you are about your values and the objectives you need to accomplish, the better you become at draining out the unnecessary aspects around you. Therefore, to become more focused, you need to continually re-evaluate and re-assess your own goals, behavior and those of people around you.EmpatheticFinally, an authentic leader has to showcase high-levels of empathy towards other people. George writes in True North that leaders can grow as authentic leaders when they “are more concerned about serving others than they are about their own success or recognition”. Authentic leader wants to empower others, instead of focusing on their own needs.Betsy Myers, founding director of the Center for Women and Business at Bentley University, writes in her book Take the Lead: Motivate, Inspire, and Bring Out the Best in Yourself and Everyone Around You that “leadership is about how you make people feel”. In order to do so, you must treat them genuinely and honestly.Being more empathetic is ultimately about understanding other people’s needs and stepping into their shoes. This can be enhanced through better communication and analysis of your own feelings. Furthermore, you should aim to improve your emotional intelligence, which you can learn more about from the below video. Five principles for authentic leadersIn order to enhance the above characteristics and to start leading in authentic manner, you need to implement core principles to guide your way. Kevin Cashman, CEO of LeaderSource and executive of Leader Insitute, recommends in his 1998 book Leadership from the Inside Out five principles authentic leaders should follow.Principle #1: Know yourself authenticallyThe first principle is about self-awareness and integrity. It builds on the idea that instead of paying attention to what others are doing, a leader should focus on his or her own behavior. In essence, be the kind of leader and employee, you want others to be.As George wrote in 2007, “the harder person y ou will ever have to lead is yourself”. If you know yourself and your behaviors, you can set an example and inspire others with your example.Principle #2: Listen authenticallyAccording to Cashman, the second principle relies on the principle of psychological reciprocity: if you want to influence others, you must open yourself up to their influence.When you listen to others authentically, you are open the ideas and objectives of the other person, and you allow them to perhaps teach you something.Principle #3: Express authenticallyExpressing authentically means talking with a genuine voice. To Cashman, it’s about avoiding the need to refine your style or trying to hold on to our sense of integrity at all times. Authentic expression allows subordinates to see the leader is talking from the heart and from experience, even if the presentation isn’t perfectly worded.Authentic expression is closely linked with the idea of creating value. While writers, like George, acknowledge that a uthentic leaders don’t just say whatever comes to mind, but use emotional intelligence to decide how to say something, it still doesn’t mean you don’t go straight to the point.The difference of saying whatever and expressing your opinion authentically is in the creation of value. Authentic leader says things in a way that lead to a positive outcome. For example, instead of telling someone they have been lazy in getting the report done, authentic leader would share tips on how the report can be finished quicker and point out to the negative impact of not achieving objectives.Principle #4: Appreciate authenticallyAppreciating authentically can, according to Cashman, be part of authentic expression. It focuses on creating value because appreciation tends to make people feel better about themselves and motivate them to work harder.By appreciating someone, you can boost his or her sense of self-worth and development. It results in long-term positive value, instead of short-term val ue provided by criticism.[slideshare id=58864774doc=10freshideasforemployeeappreciationday-160229171931w=640h=330]Principle #5: Serve authenticallyFinally, Cashman recommends authentic leaders to serve authentically. The idea is ultimately to serve instead of control, whether it is the subordinates, the customers or society as whole. It’s about understanding the interdependence of people in organizations and larger communities.An authentic leader must use the below building blocks in order tosucceed. © Shutterstock | raevasADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AUTHENTIC LEADERSHIPAuthentic leadership, although still a new theory, has been closely reviewed and analyzed. Many of its proponents focus on the positive advantages the leadership style can provide to an organization, while critics point out to some obvious failings in the approach. Let’s turn our attention to both arguments.Advantages of authentic leadershipOne of the first benefits of authentic leadership is the enhanced relational engagement it brings about. Since the focus is on objectives and a person’s inner behaviors and values, the leader is more able to maintain trust and cohesion among the group. The focus is on empowering the employees and guiding them through the tasks in an empathetic and honest manner.George points out to this importance of trust in True North. He points to the examples of Enron, WorldCom and Tyco and the CEOs who “put their companies at risk by focusing on the trappings and spoils of leade rship”. George went on to write how trust is not built by trying to appear authentic or caring, but highlighting one’s inner values.The relational engagement is closely related to the second positive of authentic leadership: it’s ability to build positive and rewarding relationships. The focus on employee-leader relations is on the development and on listening to people’s ideas and thoughts. The open relationship, which doesn’t mean everything is always happiness and agreement, creates an authentic environment, where people know their place in the organization and the direction the team is working towards. Although authentic leadership means the leader is the ultimate decider, the style invites and relishes the opportunities of listening to other people’s opinions. The collaborative environment can improve employee satisfaction and make them feel like equal members of the group.In addition, proponents of authentic leadership highlight the consistency authentic leadership style can provide for an organization. It is the leader’s inner values, combined with the operational objectives of the organization, which are at the heart of the way the team operates. This means that subordinates know what to expect in times of trouble and sunshine. If the leader is passionate about sustainability, then it will always provide a backdrop to everything the organization does. The values provide stability and consistency to an organization. More importantly, as Northouse wrote in his book, “Authentic leaders do not compromise their values, but rather use those situations to strengthen their values”.Finally, authentic leadership tends to guarantee the ethical and moral standards are high. Since the style emphasizes the use of morality as the guidance for leadership, the organization can have a stronger ethical footing. According to George’s surveys of leaders, the common problems of morality don’t arise among ethical leaders. As he writes in the book, authe ntic leaders don’t seek self-gain, but want the organization to succeed and prosper, along with the subordinates.A good example of this is Howard Schultz and Starbucks. Because of Schultz’ own experience with the problems of employee healthcare, he built his company around the area that all employees, even those working part-time, should have access to healthcare options. He used his personal values and life experiences as guidance and created a company, which reflected these values.Disadvantages of authentic leadershipUndoubtedly, the leadership theory’s biggest disadvantage is its infancy. The authentic leadership theory doesn’t have a coherent or unified theory, with different authors adding their own flavor to what it means to be an authentic leader. Therefore, proper analysis of the benefits and the measuring of authenticity can be difficult.Furthermore, authors such as Northouse question the ambiguity around specific context, such as authentic leadership’s moral comp ass. In Leadership: Theory and Practice, Northouse pointed out, “Whereas authentic leadership implies that leaders are motivated by higher-order end values such as justice and community, the way that these values function to influence authentic leadership is not clear”.In addition to this dilemma, the moral component can cause contradicting objectives within an organization. The leader’s values might not always align with what is right for the organization or its shareholders. In fact, the needs of the subordinates and other stakeholders might not always meet. Therefore, a leader might find him- or herself in a situation where they have to either sacrifice their inner value of providing employee bonuses or provide these bonuses in order to grow the company’s sale potential.But could authentic leadership also reveal the ‘inner jerk’ of a leader? Although George has said that authenticity shouldn’t allow you to be a jerk, the focus on honesty might not be suitable for al l situations. In his blog post, Peter Stark, President of Peter Barron Stark Companies, writes about examples where the team has failed to meet its targets and when authentic leadership might not provide the right answers. He goes on to say,“We don’t all have a 100% positive outlook and attitude every single day, but it is still our job as leaders to role-model and create a positive workplace environment. You may be genuinely honest and decide to share your anger over a team member’s mistake or shortcoming. Honesty is great, but in this situation, the employee needs a leader who can give feedback in a way that is helpful and well-received.”Finally, there is a danger authentic leadership might hinder an organizations ability to make quick decisions. As the leader wants to gather feedback and listen to other opinions before using his or her judgment, the speed at which these decisions are taken can be jeopardized.Overall, the leadership style can take years to develop. As Geor ge’s three-step pathway to authentic leadership shows, you will need to gain experience and self-develop your style and understanding of your values long before you can start considering yourself as a leader or an authentic leader. But leadership doesn’t always allow the luxury of time. You might find yourself surrounded by a situation that requires leadership and you simply need to step up and take the necessary measures. Without proper self-knowledge, you might not be able to implement a true authentic leadership style in this situation.EXAMPLES OF FAMOUS AUTHENTIC LEADERSTo gain an insight into what authentic leadership looks like in action, you must examine examples of famous authentic leaders. In this section, we’ll examine four examples of authentic leaders and how they have shaped their respective organizations as well.Martin Luther King, Jr.Martin Luther King Jr. is often considered to have been an authentic leader. The prominent civil rights activist is most known for his “I have a dream” speech, which reads out as an authentic vision of the future he hoped to achieve.Avolio and Wernsig point out to another example of King’s authentic approach to leadership in their 2008 essay Practicing Authentic Leadership. During an interview on the Mike Douglas Show, King explained his views on the Vietnam War. He said:“A man of conscience can never be a consensus leader…he doesn’t take a stand in order to search for consensus. He is ultimately a molder of consensus. I’ve always said a measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and moments of convenience, but where he stands in moments of challenge and moments of controversyI’m much more concerned about keeping favour with these principles than keeping favor with a person who may misunderstand a position I take.”The above quote perfectly highlights the essence of authentic leadership. The focus is on understanding what your inner values are and using them to guide your de cisions. The leadership style understands that tough decisions must be made and not everyone might benefit from the decisions. Eleanor RooseveltThe US First Lady is another historical example of an authentic leader. Roosevelt spent her time fighting for the equal treatment of humans, with her big achievement being the creation of the United Nations’ international code for human rights.Roosevelt didn’t just preach about treating people with dignity and compassion. She showcased this in her personal life, during a difficult time. When her husband, President Roosevelt, died, she returned to Washington D.C. from her holiday only to be advised Franklin had been continuing his long-time affair.Furthermore, Eleanor’s daughter had been aiding his father in the affair. A few months later, Roosevelt found a portrait of her husband, which was to be for his girlfriend. Instead of throwing it out or ripping it to pieces, she wrote a note to his lover and sent her the portrait, explaining t hat she knew he must have meant a lot for her.Roosevelt lived by her own values, even when the situation was deeply hurtful for her. She showcased great empathy, not just in her professional career, but in her private life as well.Warrant Buffett / Berkshire HathawayThe world’s most renowned businessman is an example of an authentic leader; especially in terms of the way, he has run Berkshire Hathaway. He has shown strong moral compass in how he treats his position in the company and his personal wealth.For starters, Buffett doesn’t draw a huge salary from the company, relying on around $100,000 annual salary. Furthermore, he’s showcased relational transparency by investing in companies and allowing the leaders of these organisations to get on with the job. He places trust on other people.Buffett has given away from a large chunk of his fortune, around $50 billion for the Gates Foundation, as a way to give back to the larger community. To Buffet, wealth is a tool for creating good rather than the end objective he wants to read.The investor was once interviewed by a class of students who wanted to know about who Buffet turns to for advice. His answer perfectly highlights his authentic leadership qualities:“Well, usually I look in the mirror, to be totally honest. The nature of what I do means I have to think pretty much independently because if I take a poll, in effect, I’m gonna do whatever everybody else is doing and I don’t think much of that usually in investments; and so I have to have an environment and I have to have the temperament personally that lets me think for myself.”Ed Whitacre / GMGM faced its biggest financial troubles in 2008, as the global economy sank. While the company declared bankruptcy in early 2009, the US President Barack Obama appointed Ed Whitacre to the CEO position. Whitacre had previously saved ATT from its problems, and he was now embarking on a new challenge.Within a year, Whitacre had turned around the automobile company, with much of it down to his authentic style. The style wasn’t just present in the way he led his subordinates, he also sought to build trust with the customers by appearing in ads and offering a cash back option for customers.Whitacre’s authentic style is even evident from his decision to step down after the short leadership period. He had told this to be his intention from the start. “It was my plan â€" to help return this company to greatness â€" and not to stay a day beyond that,” he stated.FINAL THOUGHTSAuthentic leadership is a theory born out of the frustrations of the failings of the corporate world. Its focus and emphasis demonstrates the moral and ethical problems corporations have found themselves in, with leaders often showcasing more care for their own wellbeing rather than the common good.Considering the levels of frustration, it’s no wonder the idea of an authentic and genuine leader has become so popular. An authentic leader would use his or her int ernal values as a guide to making decisions that consider the corporate objectives, but also the wellbeing of his or her subordinates. Rather than focusing on short-term goals and gains, authentic leadership wants to empower people with a long-term vision. As the examples of authentic leaders have shown us, authentic leadership sets out a vision and works towards it, even when it might take years to accomplish.But the relative youth of the movement has caused problems for the movement. Because it relies heavily on concepts such as morality and authenticity, there will be people who have different opinions on what it truly means to be an authentic leader. How do you define your moral values? What if you truly believe in things others don’t view ethical or good? These are the issues the theory must solve in order to move forward.Nonetheless, authentic leadership provides one idealistic view on what leadership can offer at its best. Its focus on building genuine relationship and crea ting an environment based on trust is useful for most organizations.

A Review And Critique The Great Transportation...

A Review and Critique: The Great Transportation Conspiracy Name Institution The Great Transportation Conspiracy According to its slogan â€Å"What’s good for General Motors is good for the country†, Charlie Wilson, the executive suite of GM, held the company with high regards. It was almost certain that whatever decision GM was making in the transportation industry, its sole purpose was to improve the lives of the American citizen. In fact, at a time when the general public was almost entirely dependent on centrally generated electricity for city transportation, decisions coming from GM was to be taken with a lot of enthusiasm. Without doubt therefore, the country turned its transportation policy over to the GM together with its automobile allies. This decision come with its share of consequences. As it was noted, the centrally generated transportation system was relatively clean and very efficient. The trackless trolleys as well as electric buses powered by overhead wires transported the public with ease across the towns. However, with GM taki ng over, there was a brewing conspiracy. That was, to destroy the mass transit and convert the public to reliance on private automobiles, which in fact depended on foreign oil. According to the conspiracy, the GM along with its close allies maneuvered to create a transportation oligopoly for the internal combustion engine. Instead of just relying on sales and popularity, they conspired and also brokeShow MoreRelatedJohn D. Rockefeller as a Robber Baron Essay3605 Words   |  15 Pagesnecessary to enrich themselves at the expense of their competitors. Did John D. 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Analysis of the Role of Operant Learning in Explaining...

Operant learning comes under the Behaviourist Perspective, which is associated with John Watson (1913). Operant learning is the process by which a behaviour becomes associated with its consequences (Kosslyn, 2007). The term consumer behaviour is the behaviour that consumers display in searching for, purchasing, evaluating, and disposing of products and services that they expect will satisfy their needs (Schiffman, 2008). B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) fully developed the concept of operant conditioning and how this could explain much of our daily behaviour. Operant conditioning involves an association between a stimulus, the response to the stimulus (a behaviour), and its consequence. In many marketing situations, the behaviour is an action,†¦show more content†¦The unconditioned stimulus is the special offer and the response is to purchase the product. Thus the consumer can be induced to form positive feeling towards a conditioned stimulus, such as the sales promotion display by associating that stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, such as a percentage money off offer that naturally generates positive feelings that ultimately lead to a response such as a purchase (Koekemoer, 2011). The use of stimuli, such as logos and music draws consumers’ attention to a brand and may reinforce past experience, where the presence of the stimulus has been associated with a satisfactory product or service experience (Gorn, 1978). For example, with Marks Spencer adverts, most people knew the visuals, music and softly spoken woman despite not knowing what the advertisement was for until the end of the Ad when the logo appeared. Operant conditioning can be criticised in relation to tobacco and alcohol. Although continuing to argue that these advertising activities served only to reinforce brand preferences, health and media groups asserted that itShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review on Consumer Behaviour16053 Words   |  65 PagesSchool Consumer Behaviour: a Literature Review In order to develop a framework for the study consumer behaviour it is helpful to begin by considering the evolution of the field of consumer research and the different paradigms of thought that have influenced the discipline. As described in this article, a set of dimensions can be identified in the literature, which can be used to characterize and differentiate, the various perspectives on consumer research. 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Abrahamic Religions Free Essays

Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are all very closely unified as Abrahamic religions because they share a multitude of common beliefs and thoughts. Hinduism, on the other hand is almost complete opposite of these religions. The extreme differences within these religions has seemed to cause problems between them throughout history. We will write a custom essay sample on Abrahamic Religions or any similar topic only for you Order Now Hinduism is considered to be an Eastern religion while Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are considered Western. (Lafave,2004. Location, leaders, religious practices, and political issues are just a few aspects that bring them to differentiating opinions. The Abrahamic religions have many shared ideas and thoughts in relation to life and the driving force of the universe. Jews ,Christians, Muslims all agree upon the notion that there is only one creator of all of humanity. They are all monotheistic religions and they rely on holy scriptures as a life guided tool. The Christians use the Holy Bible, Islams refer to the Qu’ran, while Jews refer mostly to the Torah. All believe that the human body is only a temporary state and that if the soul is a deemed a good one by following God’s plan then it goes on to live eternally in heaven with Jesus or the equivalent. If the soul judged by God is unworthy, then it must live in hell with the devil. Jews, Muslims, and Christians alike all believe in a coming of the Messiah, though at different times. Another shared belief is that GOD is a merciful God and must be respected and given praise accordingly. He will forgive the sins of the people by repentance and one must live their life according to his teachings. These beliefs are just the tip of the iceberg when talking about similarities between the Abrahamic religions. Hinduism is an almost complete opposite of the Abrahamic religions. Hindus have no substantial founder of the religion nor do they only worship just one God, but different Gods and Goddesses and manifestations or aspects of the Supreme God. Hinduism is considered a polytheistic religion. The life guided scriptures used by them is the Vedas which are considered the oldest and most sacred religious texts. Hinduism beliefs consider karma to determine one’s life path for the future in the cycle of reincarnation. Karma is considered to be the universal law of cause and effect. They consider life to be a continuous cycle and the end goal for them is to be released from life by â€Å"learning the true illusions of life and achieve unity with the Brahman†. â€Å"Individuals may find release from life by devotion to one or more of the Indian Gods. (Hopfe Woodward,2009. p. 98)Hinduism has grown to become the world’s third largest religion. Places of worship include temples and home shrines. Brahman is the unifying principle and Supreme Reality behind all existance though is rarely worshipped. Brahma is the most widely known and is the recognized one as Creator of the world. The similarities that are shared by these religions are very few and many conflict s have actually risen from differences in views of the world. In modern civilation in these days and times, I believe in unity of all religions. If the whole world could all come to a common point of understanding, there would be less need for war and misunderstanding of humanity. Even though these religions are deemed so different, I believe there is a unifying force that helped create them all. References Hopfe, L. Woodward, M. , (2009). Religions of the World,11th ed. Lafave, S. , Retrieved January 2004 from http://instruct. westvalley. edu/lafave/east_west. html How to cite Abrahamic Religions, Papers

Waking Up by OneRepublic free essay sample

A long, long time ago, for some reason or other, I bought the OneRepublic album Waking Up on Mom’s iTunes account without thinking twice about it, which shortly faded into the back of my memory. Fast forward three years or so and you’ll come to me deciding to temporarily put the entire album on my iPod Nano 7 to listen to. I had read all the negative reviews. I had read all the complaints. Heck, I had even listened to some of the songs myself on my screen-less iPod Shuffle in years long gone. However, nothing could’ve compared me for the sheer ugliness of what is truly the worst pop album of all time. OK, while there admittedly WERE some fairly decent songs in the mix (the radio smash â€Å"All The Right Moves† being a good example), the vast majority of them wind up being overly pretentious, self-indulgent, theatrical, and definitely not subtle at all about all three. We will write a custom essay sample on Waking Up by OneRepublic or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Oh yeah, there’s even a â€Å"concept† at the album’s core that (seemingly) tells the â€Å"story† of the life of a world-renowned pop idol and how that lifestyle has ups†¦and absolutely nothing else. Yep, the entire album spends its entire 45-minute length thrusting in your face about how wonderful and exciting being a big star is. You’ve got fans! You’ve got lovers! You’ve got big mansions! You’ve always got good songs! You always have that wonderful sense of happiness and wide-eyed wonder! Heck, even your dreams are always good! Of course, I’m not saying success is a bad thing. If anything, I’m even happy to hear that these people finally are able to earn their place in the world. It’s just that when an entire album is wholeheartedly (pun intended) devoted to only showing that side of life WITHOUT revealing an even slightly deeper or darker side to things, well, you’re basically just wading y our way through an emotional kiddie pool. Even the music is cringe-worthy, with songs ranging from enjoyable enough (â€Å"Good Life†) to completely unlistenable (â€Å"Everybody Loves Me†). Unfortunately, too many tracks fall rather ungraciously into the latter category. Add in horribly overlong runtimes, ridiculous song structures, and even some ludicrous influences (classical, country, and even opera inexplicably manage to make their stand), and you, my friends, have the (seemingly) impossible: a pop album that will leave the most casual listener saying â€Å"huh?† Look, if you liked some of the better songs on here, fine, get those. Otherwise, there’s absolutely no doubt that you should skip this album and start Waking Up to better, more-deserving music.

Older Generation and Modern Business of UAE

Table of Contents Introduction Description of the two respondents A general Story about Dubai’s evolution Their perceptions over the changing world Positive and negative impacts on their lifestyle Advice/wisdom to young people Personal reflection/Conclusion Introduction The rapid changes experienced in the contemporary world have left human beings overwhelmed, forestalling, and others mesmerized depending on the age group factor.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Older Generation and Modern Business of UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Perhaps one would wonder why the world seems entangled in different perceptions over the current global image, especially the differing presumption over matters pertaining to socio-economic structures. Traditionally, culture has been the most respected aspect amongst communities, but currently, the notion behind the significance of culture and subcultures is diminishin g. International competition has confused the world economic, cultural, and social living styles that have led to the emergence of world economic subdivisions popularly known as developed and developing nations. The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is one among the swiftly changing economies across the world with businesses struggling to meet market pressures, dynamic price fluctuations, and serving consumers with diverse needs. As the old generation is nearing retirement age, a new era is dramatically becoming dexterous. This study evaluates the new generation, as deemed by the mature community. Description of the two respondents This study undertook a face-to-face verbal interview with two older men aged 65 years and 59 years respectively named Mohammed Al Maktoum and Khan Al Suwaidi, both residing within Dubai with one retired from a local company and the other still working.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, in a bid to preserve confidentiality, these are not their real names and the names mentioned herein are for academic purposes coupled with assisting in undertaking this analysis. Mohammed Al Maktoum can barely speak and from a distance, one can read his thoughts and probably conclude that the older man must be undergoing some psychological agitation. Every time he begins to tell his story, he nods instantaneously, his bloodshot eyes begin reddening, and he puts his head down and grumbles. With a moderate body size fitted in an old suit, his efforts to start an old-engine car from a parking bay along one of the most beautiful Dubai streets is causing more frustrations. He never thought his Dubai dream would end here. We picked a conversation with the aging man and he recalls with nostalgia how Dubai used to observe influential culture, which underscored a working nation enjoying right working conditions coupled with favorable and attractive wages with no biasness in payments. He regrettably remembers earning double-digit salary before drastic changes began within the working community that shockingly witnessed unexpected layoffs, demotions, and even unforeseen retrenchments that consumed the industrial world in the 1990s. According to Mohammed, the companies that most people worked for started changing their perceptions over their workforce, coupled with frustrating and even treating workers inhumanely.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Older Generation and Modern Business of UAE specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Mohammed stresses that there was no senior to explain what was happening and workers used to teamwork became afraid as management teams disbanded any form of conversations and debates. The streets are now fluffy of a mixture of different races and nationalists from forces of migration and immigration that has been eminent in the current decades. H e continues to explain how he became jobless after he lost his work after a few days off to seek medical attention due to an injury he got at work. The situation was not different from the 59 years old Khan Al Suwaidi whom I knew his family for an extended period and thus he forms part of our family friend. The tall, middle-aged man with a flat tummy describes his life as a man born from an underprivileged family with a repeated history of members earning only living wage. His old voice, which seems humorous and balmy, forces him to respond to greetings in a frustrated manner. Employed for approximately 25 years in the same company, the current technologies seem to have outwitted him since the company is currently considering his age group as a liability. Since he began working with this company, which he refused to talk about, his life has been full of aggravation with doctors advising him to resign following a series of psychosomatic disorders.Advertising Looking for report on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to Khan Al Suwaidi, initially, people with an education level like his were somehow bosses or even supervisors, but within two decades, things have changed dramatically. A general Story about Dubai’s evolution Only Mohammed Al Maktoum, by drawing memories from stories told to him, managed to portray a slight overview of the ancient Dubai that contrast distinctively from the modern Dubai. Dubai was once under a vast desert dominated only by scattered cactuses and tumbleweed with scorpions being the only insects inhabiting this zone. Nonetheless, within the eighteenth century, there was a small quaint town in the downtown with old-fashioned metal and glasses composing its infrastructure. Subsequently, a small village was coming into sight from this region with a few people in the lower Persian Gulf engaging in some pearls off the coast. From this moment, the desert-like Dubai region was gradually becoming an attractive site with the populace growing to substantial num bers. Within a short period, an accumulating cosmopolitan population streaming from the Persian Gulf, Indian subcontinent, and from Arab countryside was attractively engaging in some severe businesses around this zone before the British Empire and gunships invaded the place. Currently, Mohammed estimates Dubai’s population to consist of approximately 180 nationalities. Their perceptions over the changing world Mohammed Al Maktoum has had an unending criticism over the rapidly changing cultural and socio-economic paradigms in the contemporary world that has influenced almost every part of his lifestyle. The picturesque long and tall towers or even the skyscrapers along the Dubai streets are not the central part of his concern, but the dynamic changes within the socio-economic realm. Mohammed Al Maktoum exclaims that the contemporary Dubai does not only survive beyond its financial stature, but its lifestyle has surpassed its ecological form with zones characterized by manicure d Dubai lawns. Nonetheless, he notes that despite Dubai being nicknamed the global economic melting pot and essential for the entire world, such changes might only have favored the latest regimes and the modern generation, with the old generation struggling to cope with the dynamism. In fact, Mohammed Al Maktoum regrets that the primary virtues that embedded the Muslim community are gradually vanishing with the modern society concentrating on improvising and improving the business world. Even though Khan Al Suwaidi regards himself as an old nationalist of Dubai, much of his life experience consists of postmodernism of the current Dubai; hence, he has a mixture of thoughts regarding the changes that have consumed this city. Khan Al Suwaidi has much criticism on immigration and migration trends that have become uncontainable across the UAE and especially within Dubai city, which has witnessed massive influx of expatriates, deportees, and refugees, and thus the situation in Dubai is un desirable. Khan Al Suwaidi regrets losing his management position following changes in organizational culture, leadership techniques, and policies that since then have placed higher requirements for the senior ranks with salaries and wages depending on academic qualifications. The old Muslim culture, societal norms, and values have undergone down winding and finally meandered into the current globalization world that has captured individuals into endless interethnic, antisocial, and inconsiderate world. Immigrants are pushing natives deeper into the suburbs rural areas and occupying major economies within gateways, thus making lifestyle uncomfortable. Positive and negative impacts on their lifestyle As these elders are struggling to fit into the dynamics of the changing world within Dubai and other economically stable zones, Mohammed Al Maktoum and Khan Al Suwaidi admit that the contemporary world has resulted into a mixture of positive and negative impacts. A constant challenge ris ing from the changes seen in the current Dubai seems to be arising from how culture has become a controversial combination of modernism and some stereotyped traditions. Forty years ago, communities residing in Dubai remained bonded in specific cultures that respected both religion and traditions accustomed to the Dubai Emirati communities. Contrastingly, some minority women and men, influenced by immigrants, are practicing antisocial behaviors against national and regional customs. Economically, Mohammed Al Maktoum and Khan Al Suwaidi believe that life is becoming more and more difficult for the ordinary civilians within Dubai especially the aging men and women whose lives are worsening economically since they paved the way for the energetic and agile generation. Coupled with the rising expenses from common commodities to supplementary goods within Dubai city, they both expect life to worsen towards their old ages. Khan Al Suwaidi is still struggling to raise a family of at least si x individuals and thus waking up early in the morning to work in the industries makes his aging even more uncomfortable. They both explain that the areas that they visited for leisure during their youth have changed to something different and unpleasing. Since Khan does not possess any knowledge about the modern technologies integrated into the working systems, he is just but optimistic that his initial knowledge about his job will remain imperative to the company he serves. On the other side, Mohammed has been hopeful that the little savings he managed to accumulate from his meager pay will allow him to continue operating his small businesses for survival. The only way that the rapidly changing Dubai has positively influenced Maktoom and Khan Al Suwaidi is how current technologies are assisting in improving public service delivery, communication with family members and friends, and even comfortable transport networks founded from sophisticated technology. Contrary to the growing ca ses of prostitution, murder, terrorism, and bad politics that industrialization and modernization have brought to Dubai, current technologies have changed distance communication where members find it easy to communicate and share ideas. The media, though it might not be culturally sensitive to the behaviors and social structure of the present world, has improved information sharing and a deeper understanding of the world as it is currently. The four decades have also changed their way of interaction with the community, their perception about religion, and the reality about political and social life. Despite environmental concerns shifting from naturalism to imitations, Dubai has become more attractive than its earlier wilderness. Advice/wisdom to young people With a desire to create a better world than it appears currently, the two elders provided coherent advice to me as a youthful person. Mohammed Al Maktoum, in his deepest understanding of the experiences he has witnessed through global dynamism, believes that for generations to become stronger, they must keep up with the growing changes to enhance their competence economically and socially. Nonetheless, refraining from cultural norms might be enjoyable for the modernized community, but it is putting the world at more hazard than estimated. Khan Al Suwaidi asserts that the world does not change, but only human beings force it to change and it will be for the best of human nature to control people’s intuitions, notions, and motives concerning changes that are emerging in the world. They all admitted that these changes have risen desperately due to ravenousness and undesirable leadership traits coupled with human needs that are also increasingly becoming vibrant. Personal reflection/Conclusion Motivating words and wise saying have been useful in changing the current world and maybe will continue shaping the future world. The old generation has been quite imperative in providing critical advice through its intelligence though individuals keep underestimating its significance. Apparently, having elderly age-group presents some wisdom and thus preserving their acumen through simple words can aid in teaching the future generation. Mohammed Al Maktoum and Khan Al Suwaidi possess almost similar experiences through their employment and social life and thus, their words may change the lives of the future age group. Preserving the environment and nurturing its naturalism is crucial though we cannot get away from the reality that the current generation depends on jobs for survival. This report on Older Generation and Modern Business of UAE was written and submitted by user Jadon Brooks to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Definition of Dialectology

Definition of Dialectology The scientific study of dialects, or the regional differences in a language. Although to some extent an autonomous discipline, dialectology is regarded by some linguists as a subfield of sociolinguistics. What is Dialectology? Sociolinguists and dialectologists share some goals and methods. We both tend to be interested in the language of a particular place (a speech community), language in use, authentic speech, and defining a language variety in terms of how it might differ from the standard. A major difference is that in the past dialectologists or dialect geographers have been interested in the most divergent, traditional language of a community, assuming that other forms resulted from later movement toward the standard. Sociolinguists, on the other hand, are interested in the full range of forms in a community (and their social evaluation) ...The goals of dialect geography and dialectology have been to show where particular speech features are found, and to discover the boundaries between dialect regions. But dialect geography has also tried to find the most traditional speech in each region, on the assumption that regional dialects are most distinct when they havent been influenced by their neighbors , or by mainstream language.(Gerard Van Herk, What Is Sociolinguistics? Wiley-Blackwell, 2012) Dialect Geography Dialect geography [is] a methodology or (more accurately) a set of methods for gathering evidence of dialect differences systematically ...More than a century has elapsed since the first major project in dialect geography was undertaken, and in that time there have been hundreds of projects, great and small, that have made use of the methodology ...The resurgence [of dialect geography] began in the 1980s. We have already noted some of the benchmarks: the revival of the Middle and South Atlantic States project under Kretzschmar, the resumption of analysis of the survey of English dialects by Upton and his associates, and, of course, Pedersons Gulf States publications. In addition to these, significant regional projects are taking place in Spain directed by Manuel Alvar, in France sponsored by the Centre national de la Recherche Scientifique, and in many other places, including Mexico, Canary Islands, Vanuatu, and RÃ ©union. Dialect atlases are appearing in relative profusion, some of them belated culminations of old field work and others the end-products of more recent research.One reason for the resurgence is technological. Dialectology, the most data-oriented branch of language studies, finally found itself with tools commensurate to its task.(J. K. Chambers and Peter Trudgill, Dialectology, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 1998) Social Dialectology Social dialectology differs from traditional dialectology in its shift of focus from rural, settled communities to communities characterized by immigration and mobility... A sign that social dialectology is maturing as a discipline is that scholars are now able to compare the results of a range of studies in order to locate and explain parallel developments.(David Britain and Jenny Cheshire, Introduction. Social Dialectology: In Honour of Peter Trudgill. John Benjamins, 2003) Forms of Dialectology In social dialectology, boundaries between varieties are identified on the basis of trained linguists observations of actual phonetic and grammatical features that constitute salient differences between varieties. In regional dialectology, boundaries are identified on the basis of what trained fieldworkers are able to elicit from speakers or speakers reports of what they usually say. In perceptual dialectology, the beliefs and thoughts that non-linguists have about language are used to distinguish varieties. Peoples perceptions about language, whether descriptively accurate or not, are just as important to the researcher as the objective facts about how speakers talk.(Miriam Meyerhoff, Introducing Sociolinguistics, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2011)

Way of Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Way of Thinking - Essay Example Although critical thinking or reasoning or way of thinking seems easy actually it’s a tough affair, as it requires the natural skills like consideration, reflection and deliberation. However, in order to justify the various aspects of any idea, high level of intellectual talent and knowledge is required so as to arrive at logical conclusions. On the other hand, experience of the senses may not present accurate results, as it does not include any sort of evidence. Therefore, it might be stated that critical thinking or rationale is extremely essential to attain relevant and justified conclusions that may be accepted by all individual. For example recruitment of an experienced leader or manager in an organization is accepted by all in order to enhance its productivity and profitability.Such an idea is the desire of all, i.e. manager as well as the employees. In addition, reason may be used for synthesizing and evaluating varied information in an apparent and rational way, in ord er to enhance its quality of evidences. However, it might be possible only by scientific investigation of various resources and evidences so as to reduce the pitfalls. By doing so, the accurate and actual facts might be analyzed very easily and effectively rather than the experience of the senses. So, the way of thinking or explanation is considered to be the most trust-worthy phenomenon for any individual as compared to the experience of the senses.Furthermore, reason is considered as a mental procedure that may be used in order to attain purposeful and self-regulatory analysis and judgments. By doing so, the exact problem of any situation might be analyzed or diagnosed prior finding its solutions. So that the solution might be at-per with the situation and may be accepted and acknowledged by all. However, such a facility may not be attained in case of facts evaluated through experiences of the senses.  

Chinese Economy Master Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Chinese Economy Master - Essay Example I will be discussing the threats foreign companies are facing in China's business environment and detail the efforts made by the Chinese government to address the said issues. Multinational corporations (MNCs), such as Wal-Mart, have identified that the most troublesome feature of China's business environment is the fragmentation of supply chain and local protectionism resulting to a lack of consistency of inter-provincial rules and regulation. Chinese provinces have, for centuries, enjoyed local autonomy and have made full use of it to protect local interests. Regional and local governments have the power to implement rules and regulation so long as it is line with the core mandates and laws of the central government and they can do this without notice. Foreign companies, most of which operate on the national level, finds this situation to be confusing and costly for business operations as they have to comply with each regulations set by each local entity. It also presents problems in supply chain efficiency as each province may require the inspection of the products being transported. For example, there is the possibility that nationally approved produc ts are barred from local distribution due to differing health and sanitation requirements of different provinces. There also localities that require wholesale purchases of alcohol and tobacco products posing problems for retail-oriented stores. This state of affairs results in fewer choices or higher prices for consumers which can be detrimental to the MNC in light of the very cheap products produced by Chinese companies. Physical infrastructure also differs between provinces due to the gap in funds to implement projects posing difficulties for road transportation whether it may be private or commercial trucking resulting to a problematic interprovincial purchasing. (McGregor 2007, p. 45) Technology and the Abundant Labour Force China's population is one of the largest in the world implying the abundance of the labour supply. While it can be argued that this presents an opportunity for the companies due to the expected lower compensation packages, it presents tradeoffs in accuracy and quality. The cheapness of labour works for industries that employs manual labour but is a nightmare for those which involves automated processes. High-end technology and electronics manufacturing from Japan, Korea and the United States relocating to China require automated processes and invest in usually expensive technologies to meet quality and accuracy standards. They are now faced with the dilemma of resorting to manual labour and risk quality or invest in automation and incur large costs that cannot be easily regained in light of fierce competition. In sectors that make use of manual labour such as those in transportation, distribution and retail, the abundance of labour can be a threat because it decreases entry barriers and forces the company to lower their prices to be able to compete in the market. As a result, foreign companies and their local providers still opt either to process manually or to contract out to local, third-party logistics companies that use manual processes thereby sacrificing quality. (Yan, Rick and Lebeberthal, Kenneth 2006, p.11) Foreign companies that need to have automation in their process could have some part of the process done manually but

Understanding Human Behaviour through Reductionist Approach

Understanding Human Behaviour through Reductionist Approach â€Å"The only way to understand Human Behaviour is to take a Reductionist approach.† Critically discuss with reference to relevant seminal and contemporary literature in psychology. Reductionism can be defined as being the idea that a complex system, such as human behaviour, is nothing more than the sum of its parts and that a description of the system can be reduced to descriptions of the individual components. Many of the main approaches in psychology tend to take a reductionist approach when trying to explain their understanding of human behaviour, including the cognitive approach which uses machine mechanism (using the analogy of machines and their most simple components) to explain human behaviour, such as Berkowitz (1993). The behaviourist approach also tends to be reductionist in how it tries to explain human behaviour, usually reducing behaviour down to simply environmental factors such as reinforcement and punishment. Perhaps the most reductionist approach in psychology however is the biological approach. The biological approach takes a more scientific approach to explaining human behaviour and puts it mainly down to our biology, for example, Lacourse, Boivin, Brendgen et al. (2014) explained that the results from their research suggested that a toddler’s aggression is strongly associated with genetic factors. Many psychologists would agree that â€Å"The only way to understand Human Behaviour is to take a Reductionist approach† for example, Hull (2002) who stated that â€Å"Reductionism at its most extreme asserts that the only level worth investigating is the lowest technologically feasible level. All else is a waste of time.† Given the fact that scientists who use more reductionist approaches to understanding human behaviour tend to get the most grant money for their research, publish the most papers and also tend to make the most scientific advances within psychology, this may be true. However, other psychologists believe that the lower states involved in reductionism do not capture the necessary coherence of the rationalisation relation at the higher level and are known as being anti-reductionist. Biological psychologists explain human behaviour by trying to relate it to the functioning of the brain and the nervous system, relating it to the role of genetic influences and also by putting it down to chemical processes in the brain. These are all reductionist ways to explaining human behaviour due to the fact that, apart from physics, they are the lowest level of explaining behaviour. A prime example of a reductionist explanation to understanding human behaviour such as aggression is through genetics. This type of biological reductionism reduces aggressive behaviour in an individual down to the role of genetic influence, for example Dilalla (2002) concluded from her review on the role of genetics on aggression that there is a â€Å"growing body of evidence on the genetic effects on aggression† with â€Å"the majority of twin and adoption studies on antisocial behaviour in children suggest that genetic effects are important influences† suggesting that aggressive beh aviour is mainly due to the genetic make-up of an individual. This explanation of aggressive human behaviour is solely reductionist and fails to take into account any environmental and cultural factors. The social approach to psychology however, would explain this behaviour through â€Å"The Social Learning Theory† by Bandura (1978), putting aggressive behaviour of a child down to factors such as imitation. Bushman Huesmann (2006) explored aggression in both children and adults, and found that exposure to violence led to participants becoming more aggressive, suggesting that human behaviour such as aggression can be adopted through imitation, leading one to believe that reductionist approaches to human behaviour, such as the biological approach isn’t taking every factor into account that could contribute towards an individual’s behaviour. Reducing human behaviour down to lower levels of psychology that can be studied is useful in trying to understand how things work. Poldrack Wagner (2008) used Atinkson Shiffrin’s (1968) multi-store model of memory in order to assess long-term and short-term memory. This cognitive approach to understanding human behaviour, suggested that remembering information over either the long-term or short-term was due to how we process this information internally. Reducing this behaviour down to a simple component of the individual means that, for example if an individual has long-term memory loss, it is easier to target one specific part of the brain responsible for this, thus easier to treat. However, even though this is a useful aspect of reductionist explanations of human behaviour, some psychologists, such as Hull, would argue that these explanations offer only a simple solution to a much more complicated problem. Depression, for example, according to the biological approach shoul d be treated with anti-depressants as biological psychologists such as Carlson (2005) believe that depression is due to neurotransmitters in the brain. However, social psychologists such as Beattie (2005), who examined the social causes of depression, would say that this is overlooking the real problem which could be issues such as problems within the family. This is a fundamental problem with the reductionist approach to understanding human behaviour; it tends to ignore social and environmental factors that may also contribute towards behaviour and hence when it comes to applying reductionist approaches to everyday life and having implications for human behaviour, the treatments may not be as reliable as they could be. Although there are arguments for â€Å"The only way to understand Human Behaviour is to take a Reductionist approach† there are a lot more anti-reductionist arguments. Anti-reductionist psychologists such as Hull Regenmortel (2002) refer to reductionism in explaining human behaviour as â€Å"as successful as Reductionism has been, it is seriously inadequate and must be supplemented with a more holistic science.† Emotion, for example, is ignored by reductionist explanations due to the fact that it is seen as impossible that an individual’s emotions can be explained through lower levels of psychology, such as neurotransmitters. Thus, factors such as emotion can only be truly explained by less reductionist approaches such as an individual is happy due to the environment that surrounds them, not due to biological factors. A further approach to understanding human behaviour is taking into account the role of the environment. Reductionist biological approaches do not consider the environment when explaining human behaviour, however there is a lot of research suggesting that although an individual is born with certain biological traits, such as genes, environmental factors, for example an individual’s upbringing and people they are exposed to predominately shapes an individual’s behaviour further. However, taking an environmental approach to understanding human behaviour is also reductionist, but psychologists specialising in this area such as Brent are starting to integrate the small parts into the whole. In 1995, Brent assessed risk factors for adolescent suicide and suicidal behaviour and stressed the importance of environmental factors such as family, as well as biological factors on these risk factors. Taking a more holistic approach like Brent (2005) instead of a reductionist approach to understanding human behaviour tends to take many factors into account instead of just reducing an explanation down to its simplest form, thus can lead people to believe that a more holistic approach to understanding human behaviour is a lot more valid and reliable as, for example, when treating an individual of an illness such as depression, not only will the biological aspect of the illness be treated with anti-depressants, but the social aspect of the illness can also be treated with a form of counselling. Using a reductionist approach to understanding human behaviour can be seen to be not so useful when trying to explain individual factors due to the fact that reductionist explanations, although they are reduced to the lowest levels of psychology and thus are in the simplest form, generalise behaviour to a target population. Maguire, Gadian, Johnsrude et al. (2000) found that the amount of time spent as a London taxi driver positively correlated with the volume in the posterior hippocampus and from this, suggested that â€Å"the posterior hippocampus stores a spatial representation of the environment and can expand regionally to accommodate.† Here, Maguire et al (2000) have generalised their study of male, London taxi drivers to the population as a whole. Every individual is unique and so it would not be right to generalise these findings to everyone as the same behaviour in people may be due to different explanations, such as our biology and the environment. In conclusion reductionist approaches to understanding human behaviour can be seen to have led to further scientific advances within psychology due to the fact that reductionist approaches make it easier to find the cause of human behaviour, meaning that it is then easier to treat, by reducing the explanation down to its simplest form. However, as discussed, there are many problems and critiques of the reductionist approach to understanding human behaviour, with the main problem being that the reductionist approaches leave out vital factors such as the environment and social factors when explaining behaviour, thus by using a reductionist explanation it does not give a full explanation for a complex subject such as human behaviour, whereas taking a more holistic approach such as a humanist approach, takes many different factors into account. Therefore, reductionist explanations, is limited when it comes to understanding and explaining human behaviour. Samantha Carlisle